• Dysfunction of the ubiquitin proteasome system causes abnorm

  2020-06-22

  

  Dysfunction of the ubiquitin-proteasome system causes abnormal organelle morphology and impairs sperm formation and maturation steps resulting in male infertility [[7], [8], [9]]; this indicates that ubiquitination is essential for spermatogenesis and sperm function during fertilization. β-catenin i

• DBeQ PKA signalling in the nucleus was thought

  2020-06-22

  

  PKA signalling in the nucleus was thought to be due to the translocation of the catalytic subunit upon activation from the DBeQ to the nucleus via diffusion [72]. However, a new understanding has emerged, as both the regulatory and catalytic subunits have been identified in the nucleus and function

• br Expression and Tissue Functions of DDRs

  2020-06-22

  

  Expression and Tissue Functions of DDRs The DDRs are widely expressed in different tissues, both during development and in adult organisms. DDR1 mRNA is found in many tissues in mice and humans, with high levels in brain, lung, kidney, spleen, and placenta (Di Marco et al., 1993, Johnson et al.,

• The in vitro enantioselective metabolism of

  2020-06-22

  

  The in vitro enantioselective metabolism of pesticides has been investigated by employing human liver microsomes, which are a reliable resource to perform MCL enantioselective risk assessment in humans (Carrão et al., 2019; de Albuquerque et al., 2018, 2016; Yao et al., 2016). The enantioselective m

• EBI is known to play a critical role

  2020-06-22

  

  EBI2 is known to play a critical role in the induction of antibody responses in secondary lymphoid tissues.13, 14 However, little is known about the expression and function of EBI2 in human peripheral tissues. To our knowledge, this is the first report of increased EBI2 levels in peripheral tissues

• Oysters belong to the second

  2020-06-22

  

  Oysters belong to the second largest animal phylum Mollusca, and they are globally distributed aquaculture animals (Wang et al., 2018). A number of studies have demonstrated that oysters have evolved an integrated and complex innate immune system to recognize and eliminate various invaders. An array

• br As DAPK is dependent on Ca CaM for its

  2020-06-20

  

  As DAPK1 is dependent on Ca2+/CaM for its activity, its role in induction of autophagy is Ca2+-dependent and will be described in Section 5.1. LRRK1 and 2 were however shown to regulate autophagy in numerous studies where the role of Ca2+ was not investigated, and these mechanisms will be describe

• Activating GSK signaling to inhibit PK signaling during isch

  2020-06-20

  

  Activating GSK3β signaling to inhibit PK signaling during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is protective of WM ischemic injury. Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK3), which was the first substrate identified for AKT [44], is inhibited by AKT phosphorylation at positions S9 and S21 [45]. When GSK3β is active, it

• br Introduction To detect exposure to and effects

  2020-06-20

  

  Introduction To detect exposure to and effects of neuroactive pesticides in aquatic organisms, one widely used biomarker is cholinesterase (ChE) activity, which, among other possible functions, catalyzes the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter Calphostin C (ACh) in the cholinergic synapses of the

• A neurotoxic syndrome called Intermediate

  2020-06-20

  

  A neurotoxic syndrome called “Intermediate syndrome” has been described after acute cholinergic crisis, which has been interpreted as the result of pre- and postsynaptic disruptions of neuromuscular transmission (Senanayake and Karalliedde, 1987). Other toxic effects with unknown molecular targets h

• Although intact Chk is distributed throughout the nucleus an

  2020-06-20

  

  Although intact Chk is distributed throughout the nucleus and the cytoplasm (Fig. 1), the deletion of the SH2 domain greatly augments nuclear localization of Chk. The SH2 domain-deleted mutants might lose the ability to localize to the exterior of the nucleus due to a lack of the binding to a hypoth

• Covalent inhibitors are well suited for targeting the E enzy

  2020-06-20

  

  Covalent inhibitors are well suited for targeting the E1 L-161,982 of Ubl modifications. Because the E1 enzymes in Ubl modifications, such as the SUMO E1 and Atg7, have a slow turnover rate (Boggio et al., 2004), prolonged inhibition can be achieved without requiring compounds to be stable in circul

• Another interesting finding regarding substrate selectivity

  2020-06-20

  

  Another interesting finding regarding substrate selectivity of iPLA2-VIA in whole cellular systems stems from the observation that some of the major species hydrolyzed by the enzyme contain a 16:1 fatty Aminophylline at the sn-2 position [57,119], raising the possibility that iPLA2-VIA may constitut

• In humans several different small ubiquitin related modifier

  2020-06-20

  

  In humans, several different small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) paralogs can be conjugated to cellular proteins. The human genome codes for five SUMO paralogs (SUMO1–5); of these, SUMO1 and the almost identical SUMO2 and SUMO3 are ubiquitously expressed. Sumoylation is executed by an enzymatic

• Finally this study described that the lead compound acted

  2020-06-20

  

  Finally, this study described that the lead ha tag peptide (1) acted as an efficient alkylating agent for the G4 structure in addition to the previously reported T-T mismatch structure. The shortcoming of probe (1) is the lack of a structure selectivity, but that can be overcome by changing the acr

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